All of his clothes were coming apart and all of his socks had holes. A stunned District Attorney called the assassinations so close to the news about Jonestown "incomprehensible", but denied any connection. That’s exactly what Harvey Milk’s “Hope Speech” did for millions in the United States’ LGBT community. Milk graduated from Bay Shore High School in Bay Shore, New York, in 1947 and attended New York State College for Teachers in Albany (now the State University of New York at Albany) from 1947 to 1951, majoring in mathematics. "[181], In August 2009, President Barack Obama posthumously awarded Milk the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to the gay rights movement stating "he fought discrimination with visionary courage and conviction". [13] Their relationship was troubled. We have to give hope to that poor runaway kid from San Antonio. [21] Craig Rodwell read the description of the formerly uptight man and wondered if it could be the same person. [142] He cried when he heard the verdict.[143]. [89] Concerned that his raised profile marked him as a target for assassination, he recorded on tape his thoughts, and whom he wanted to succeed him if he were killed,[90] adding: "If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door". Likewise, what did Harvey Milk major in? "[154], Milk's political career centered on making government responsive to individuals, gay liberation, and the importance of neighborhoods to the city. On October 21, 1985, White was found dead in a running car in his ex-wife's garage, having committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. When Rodwell was arrested for walking in Riis Park, and charged with inciting a riot and with indecent exposure (the law required men's swimsuits to extend from above the navel to below the thigh), he spent three days in jail. [150] Freitas blamed the jury whom he claimed had been "taken in by the whole emotional aspect of [the] trial". Their campaign was titled Save Our Children, and Bryant claimed the ordinance infringed her right to teach her children Biblical morality. Harvey Milk has been honored twice under President Obama's administration. Forty years ago, on Nov. 27, 1978, California's first openly gay elected official was assassinated. It was just a really brief, provincial, localized current events story that the mayor and a city council member in San Francisco were killed. The Machine". He was the younger son of Lithuanian Jewish parents and the grandson of Morris Milk, a department store owner[4][5] who helped to organize the first synagogue in the area. [9] In 1956, he met Joe Campbell, at the Jacob Riis Park beach, a popular location for gay men in Queens. [85] Milk, however, was more expressive about the role of gay people and their issues in San Francisco politics. [22] One of Milk's Wall Street friends worried that he seemed to have no plan or future, but remembered Milk's attitude: "I think he was happier than at any time I had ever seen him in his entire life. Unfortunately, Harvey Milk’s political career came to a tragic end on November 27, 1978, when he and San Francisco mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White, a disgruntled ex-city supervisor who had demanded his job back after resigning weeks earlier. Milk was born in the New York City suburb of Woodmere, to William Milk and Minerva Karns. "Sorrow Trailed a Veteran Who Saved a President and Then Was Cast in an Unwanted Spotlight". [159] According to Frances FitzGerald, Milk's legend has been unable to be sustained as no one appeared able to take his place in the years after his death: "The Castro saw him as a martyr but understood his martyrdom as an end rather than a beginning. This page was last edited on 14 March 2021, at 21:54. The mayor, Ted Wheeler, declared that it "sends a signal that we are an open and a welcoming and an inclusive community". The twelfth episode of Remarkable Lives. Harvey was threatened all the time and one day those threats became a reality. [187] The stamp features a photo taken in front of Milk's Castro Camera store and was unveiled on what would have been his 84th birthday. Moscone had been instrumental in repealing the sodomy law earlier that year in the California State Legislature. On Nov. 23, 1978, Harvey Milk told a reporter friend that he would run for president in 1980 in a kamikaze quest in which he would serve as a “vessel for gay liberation.” Four days later he was dead. Gay activists were shocked to see how little support they received. "[51] Milk contacted a newspaper. De politie bestormde horecagelegenheden waar veel homoseksuelen kwamen, mishandelde de aanwezigen met stokslagen en vernielde de inrichting. "A Reporter at Large: The Castro – I". [124] Dan White was charged with two counts of murder and held without bail, eligible for the death penalty owing to the recent passage of a statewide proposition that allowed death or life in prison for the murder of a public official. Although he did not hide the fact that he was gay, it did not become an issue until his race for the California State Assembly in 1976. [22] In March 1973, after a roll of film Milk left at a local shop was ruined, he and Smith opened a camera store on Castro Street with their last $1,000. [69], The fledgling gay rights movement had yet to meet organized opposition in the U.S. In 2014, he was honored by the United States Postal Service with a Forever Stamp in 2014. Just politics. [27], SIR had become powerful enough for political maneuvering. Milk organized the Castro Street Fair in 1974 to attract more customers to the area. Milk used the same manic campaign tactics as in previous races: human billboards, hours of handshaking, and dozens of speeches calling on gay people to have hope. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. The city appealed to Milk so much that he decided to stay, working at an investment firm. When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 16 years old. [30] Milk decided that the time had come to run for city supervisor. [155], Milk strongly believed that neighborhoods promoted unity and a small-town experience, and that the Castro should provide services to all its residents. [26] SIR was also pursued by popular moderate Supervisor Dianne Feinstein in her bid to become mayor, opposing Alioto. "Malice Aforethought in California: A History of Legislative Abdication and Judicial Vacillation". Viewed August 17, 2008. Jacobs, John [November 20, 1978]. Jim Foster, who had by then been active in gay politics for ten years, resented that the newcomer had asked for his endorsement for a position as prestigious as city supervisor. Harvey Milk Memorial Plaque, 575 Castro Street, San Francisco, California. Click to see full answer In this regard, where did Harvey Milk grow up? "[160] On the 20th anniversary of Milk's death, historian John D'Emilio said, "The legacy that I think he would want to be remembered for is the imperative to live one's life at all times with integrity. [178] It took eight weeks to film, and often used extras who had been present at the actual events for large crowd scenes, including a scene depicting Milk's "Hope Speech" at the 1978 Gay Freedom Day Parade. White shot Moscone in the shoulder and chest, then twice in the head. "Ex-aide Held in Moscone Killing Ran as a Crusader Against Crime". Despite the new leadership in the city, there were still conservative strongholds. Milk accepted Temple volunteers to work his phones. He told a friend: "It's too good an opportunity. I've never seen you put up the chairs. Flintwick, James (November 28, 1978). [193], American politician and gay rights activist. "Ford Escapes Harm as Shot is Deflected; Woman Seized with Gun in San Francisco". New York . The San Francisco Police were mostly working-class Irish descendants who intensely disliked the growing gay immigration as well as the liberal direction of the city government. Rick Stokes replaced him. [15] To make a point to McKinley, Milk took him to the hospital where Milk's ex-lover, Joe Campbell, was himself recuperating from a suicide attempt, after his lover Billy Sipple left him. "Ex-Official Guilty of Manslaughter In Slayings on Coast; 3,000 Protest; Protesters Beat on Doors Ex-Official Guilty of Manslaughter in Coast Slayings Lifelong San Franciscan". Though he was the only supervisor to vote against Milk's gay rights ordinance earlier that year, he had been quoted as saying, "I respect the rights of all people, including gays". He reconsidered his approach and cut his long hair, swore off marijuana, and vowed never to visit another gay bathhouse again. [50] Sipple was besieged by reporters, as was his family. [11] However, he decided to remain in New York, where he secretly pursued gay relationships. Shortly after Milk’s death, people marching for gay rights in Washington, D.C., chanted “Harvey Milk lives!” Dan White, Milk’s assassin, was acquitted of murder charges and given a mild sentence for manslaughter, partly as a result of what became known as the “twinkie defense.” "S.F. Hope for a better world, hope for a better tomorrow, hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. These Harvey Milk quotes from the visionary politician will inspire you to be true to yourself, no matter who might be against you. He earned 16,900 votes—sweeping the Castro District and other liberal neighborhoods and coming in 10th place out of 32 candidates. [114] Governor Jerry Brown ordered all flags in California to be flown at half staff, and called Milk a "hard-working and dedicated supervisor, a leader of San Francisco's gay community, who kept his promise to represent all his constituents". [106] In their numerous debates, which toward the end had been honed to quick back-and-forth banter, Briggs maintained that homosexual teachers wanted to abuse and recruit children. "An Ecumenical Alliance on the Serious Side of 'Gay' ". Police under Gain expressed their hatred of him, and of the mayor for betraying them. Omdat het Openbaar Ministerie fouten had gemaakt in het onderzoek, werd Dan White veroordeeld tot een opvallend lage straf van zeven jaar gevangenisstraf wegens doodslag. This time, even The San Francisco Chronicle endorsed him for supervisor. "The Night Neighborhoods Came to City Hall". According to The San Francisco Examiner, Jones and his parishioners were a "potent political force", helping to elect Moscone (who appointed him to the Housing Authority), District Attorney Joseph Freitas, and Sheriff Richard Hongisto. Milk favored support for small businesses and the growth of neighborhoods. Karen Foss, a communications professor at the University of New Mexico, attributes Milk's impact on San Francisco politics to the fact that he was unlike anyone else who had held public office in the city. I think he could not take defeat," San Francisco's assistant fire chief told reporters. During that time, he volunteered on Milk’s political campaigns, but was highly active in other community-wide projects. [163], In April 2018, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and mayor Mark Farrell approved and signed legislation renaming Terminal 1 at San Francisco International Airport after Milk, and planned to install artwork memorializing him. [182] Shortly after, Stuart co-founded the Harvey Milk Foundation with Anne Kronenberg with the support of Desmond Tutu, co-recipient of 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom and now a member of the Foundation's Advisory Board. And I want you to talk about it. Milk had grown tired of Lira's drinking and considered breaking up with him when Lira called a few weeks later and demanded Milk come home. Harvey Milk was in office less than a year before he was killed, and did not have the time to distinguish himself politically. Without hope, not only gays, but the blacks, the seniors, the handicapped, the us'es, the us'es will give up. In 1994, Feinstein exchanged words with, The Harvey Milk Recreational Arts Center is headquarters for the drama and performing arts programs for the city's youth. "[68] In the wake of his loss, Milk, realizing that the Toklas Club would never support him politically, co-founded the San Francisco Gay Democratic Club. "[75] Random attacks on gays rose in the Castro. Barnes, Clive (December 20, 1971). "Opera Review: A Revised, Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco, Harvey Milk Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Democratic Club, List of assassinated American politicians, Duboce Park and Harvey Milk Recreational Arts Center, Harvey Milk Civil Rights Academy: Our History, "S.F. Another bill Milk concentrated on was designed to solve the number one problem according to a recent citywide poll: dog excrement. [115], On November 18 and 19, news broke of the mass suicide of 900 members of the Peoples Temple. It means hope to a nation that has given up, because if a gay person makes it, the doors are open to everyone.[158]. I’m bringing it up because May 22 is “Harvey Milk Day” in California–yet another abuse of public schools to advance the moral beliefs of homosexuals and their ideological allies. White did not forget it. In July 2016, US Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus advised Congress that he intended to name the second ship of the Military Sealift Command's John Lewis-class oilers USNS Harvey Milk. It was the only testimony the jury heard about their strained relationship. An editorial describing "A city with more sadness and despair in its heart than any city should have to bear" went on to ask how such tragedies could occur, particularly to "men of such warmth and vision and great energies". "Death of dreams: in November 1978, Harvey Milk's murder and the mass suicides at Jonestown nearly broke San Francisco's spirit.". Tragic Deaths focuses on Harvey Milk, a District 5 San Francisco Board of Supervisors member, who was the first openly gay individual to be elected into California public office.. Before becoming District 5 Supervisor in 1978, Milk was a diving officer onboard a US Navy submarine rescue ship during the Korean War. In San Francisco, 75 percent voted against it. One day in 1973, a state bureaucrat entered Milk's shop Castro Camera and informed him that he owed $100 as a deposit against state sales tax. "Milk Entered Politics Because 'I Knew I Had To Become Involved' ". The first step is always hostility, and after that you can sit down and talk about it. [114] Six thousand mourners attended a service for Mayor Moscone at St. Mary's Cathedral. When you speak with passion and a cause, you can change the course of history. Sipple's case was eventually rejected in 1984 in a California court of appeals. [92][95], Milk's energy, affinity for pranking, and unpredictability at times exasperated Board of Supervisors President Dianne Feinstein. [110], Despite the losses in battles for gay rights across the country that year, he remained optimistic, saying "Even if gays lose in these initiatives, people are still being educated. "[3] Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. His defense attorney told reporters that he had been despondent over the loss of his family and the situation he had caused, adding, "This was a sick man. Harvey Milk werd in het stadhuis van San Francisco, samen met burgemeester George Moscone, doodgeschoten door het afgetreden gemeenteraadslid Dan White, een man met homofobe opvattingen. "San Francisco Legislators Meet in Diversity". Foss, Karen (1988). That's why this is happening. Dubbed the "pooper scooper law", its authorization by the Board of Supervisors was covered extensively by television and newspapers in San Francisco. In 1971, 2,800 gay men were arrested for public sex in San Francisco. Subsequently, question is, what did Harvey Milk accomplish? "[134] His legacy has become ambiguous; Randy Shilts concludes his biography writing that Milk's success, murder, and the inevitable injustice of White's verdict represented the experience of all gays. Although the older Irish grandmothers and gay men who volunteered were plentiful and happy to send out mass mailings, Milk's notes and volunteer lists were kept on scrap papers. "[33] Milk was furious that Foster had snubbed him for the position, and the conversation marked the beginning of an antagonistic relationship between the "Alice" Club and Harvey Milk. Despite White's financial strain, he had recently voted against a pay raise for city supervisors that would have given him a $24,000 annual salary. McKinley was offered a job in the New York City production of Jesus Christ Superstar, and their tempestuous relationship came to an end. [146] One of the rioters responded to a reporter's question about why they were destroying parts of the city: "Just tell people that we ate too many Twinkies. Two memorials were held for Milk; a small one at Temple Emanu-El and a more boisterous one at the Opera House. The Supervisors passed the bill by a vote of 11–1, and it was signed into law by Mayor George Moscone. [190] He was named one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. In 1978 Milk and San Francisco mayor George Moscone were shot and killed by … It opened with a play on the accusation that gay people recruit impressionable youth into their numbers: "My name is Harvey Milk—and I want to recruit you." [162] The San Francisco Gay Democratic Club changed its name to the Harvey Milk Memorial Gay Democratic Club in 1978 (it is currently named the Harvey Milk Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Democratic Club) and boasts that it is the largest Democratic organization in San Francisco. First, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Within a month of being sworn in, he began to work on a city ordinance to require dog owners to scoop their pets' feces. "[90], Citing the potential infringements on individual rights, former governor of California Ronald Reagan voiced his opposition to the proposition, as did Governor Jerry Brown and President Jimmy Carter, the latter in an afterthought following a speech he gave in Sacramento. "You Have to Give Them Hope", Foss, Karen. You don't get to dance unless you put up the chairs. The district was weighted heavily in his favor, as much of it was based in neighborhoods surrounding Castro Street, where Milk's sympathizers voted. [129] White's first campaign manager quit in the middle of the campaign, and told a reporter that White was an egotist and it was clear that he was antigay, though he denied it in the press. [40] As Castro Street's presence grew, so did Milk's reputation. At the time that he was campaigning, Harvey Milk's platform was highly controversial. I saw a gun". Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 17 jan 2021 om 19:27. Harvey Milk was the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, and one of the first openly gay politicians elected to office in all of America. [180] The Advocate listed Milk third in their "40 Heroes" of the 20th century issue, quoting Dianne Feinstein: "His homosexuality gave him an insight into the scars which all oppressed people wear. "[102][119] Milk was 48 years old. San Francisco city politician Harvey Milk helped open the door for gays and lesbians in the United States by championing civil rights for homosexuals (those sexually attracted to members of the same sex). McKinley was a stage manager for Tom O'Horgan, a director who started his career in experimental theater, but soon graduated to much larger Broadway productions. He kept the letter written by Gerald Ford, framed, in his apartment, until he died of pneumonia in 1989. [59] He spent long hours registering voters and shaking hands at bus stops and movie theater lines. [57], Milk's continuing campaign, run from the storefront of Castro Camera, was a study in disorganization. On September 22, 1975, President Gerald Ford, while visiting San Francisco, walked from his hotel to his car. He was frequently promoted despite his tendency to offend the older members of the firm by ignoring their advice and flaunting his success. The ordinance was called the "most stringent and encompassing in the nation", and its passing demonstrated "the growing political power of homosexuals", according to The New York Times. [121], In the wake of the Jonestown suicides, Moscone had recently increased security at City Hall. [104], John Briggs was forced to drop out of the 1978 race for California governor, but received enthusiastic support for Proposition 6, dubbed the Briggs Initiative. Milk came in seventh place in the election, only one position away from earning a supervisor seat. In 1980, San Francisco ended district supervisor elections, fearing that a Board of Supervisors so divisive would be harmful to the city and that they had been a factor in the assassinations. Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978) was an American politician and the first openly gay elected official in the history of California, where he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. [note 2]. "Aide: White 'A Wild Man'". Once again bored and single in New York, he thought of moving to Miami to marry a lesbian friend to "have a front and each would not be in the way of the other". Sipple, who was wounded in the head in Vietnam, was also diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. [138] Some of the members of the jury cried when they heard White's tearful recorded confession, at the end of which the interrogator thanked White for his honesty. [17][148], After the verdict, District Attorney Joseph Freitas faced a furious gay community to explain what had gone wrong. Using laughter, reversal, transcendence, and his insider/outsider status, Milk helped create a climate in which dialogue on issues became possible. Harvey Milk was an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. He often repeated his philosophy that gays should buy from gay businesses. [100] Only Supervisor White voted against it; Mayor Moscone enthusiastically signed it into law with a light blue pen that Milk had given him for the occasion.[101]. United Press International [October 15, 1979]; printed in the, In addition to his concerns over Rodwell's activism, Milk believed that Rodwell had given him, Gain further alienated the SFPD by attending a raucous party in 1977 called the Hooker's Ball. For once we can show that gays do heroic things, not just all that ca-ca about molesting children and hanging out in bathrooms. I know he was openly gay and people didn't like that in politics or anywhere back then, but was he killed or what? "Bill on Homosexual Rights Advances in San Francisco". [17] His most famous talking points became known as the "Hope Speech", which became a staple throughout his political career. Harvey Milk was an American politician based in San Francisco, California and an openly gay man. [7], Milk graduated from Bay Shore High School in Bay Shore, New York, in 1947 and attended New York State College for Teachers in Albany (now the State University of New York at Albany) from 1947 to 1951, majoring in mathematics. Come out to your parents, your relatives. [90], However, Milk's assassination has become entwined with his political efficacy, partly because he was killed at the zenith of his popularity. But he did not give up. [70] Bryant and the campaign gathered 64,000 signatures to put the issue to a county-wide vote. [18] Milk and McKinley were among the thousands of gay men attracted to San Francisco. Within an hour, White called his wife from a nearby diner; she met him at a church and was with him when he turned himself in. Tom O'Horgan remarked, "Harvey spent most of his life looking for a stage. "'Milk' Too Wholesome For the Man", Swed, Mark (November 20, 1996). He opposed the closing of an elementary school; even though most gay people in the Castro did not have children[relevant? [64] When Milk learned Jones was backing both him and Art Agnos in 1976, he told friend Michael Wong, "Well fuck him. [56] The campaign manager's assistant was an 11-year-old neighborhood girl. [99], Milk began his tenure by sponsoring a civil rights bill that outlawed discrimination based on sexual orientation. When the verdict was announced over the police radio, someone sang "Danny Boy" on the police band. He believed that no sacrifice was too great a price to pay for the cause of human rights. They arrived in 1969 with the Broadway touring company of Hair. Anne Kronenberg, Milk's campaign manager, called him "a master at figuring out what would get him covered in the newspaper". "Thousands Attend Funeral Mass For Slain San Francisco Mayor; Former Supervisor Charged Looking to the Mayor's Job". When told to cut it, he refused and was fired. [61][62][63] Milk's relationship with the Temple was similar to other politicians' in Northern California. He began teaching at George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island. Cone, Russ (January 8, 1978). His staffers knew he had been at the park for an hour before the press conference looking for the right place to walk in front of the cameras. Milk fumed about government priorities when a teacher came into his store to borrow a projector because the equipment in the schools did not function. [166], In New York City, Harvey Milk High School is a school program for at-risk youth that concentrates on the needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students and operates out of the Hetrick Martin Institute.[167]. His election to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977 made him one of the first openly gay elected officials in U.S. history. Cone, Russ (November 16, 1978). [127], After Milk's vote for the mental health facility in White's district, however, White refused to speak with Milk and communicated with only one of Milk's aides. [142], The murders of Milk and Moscone and White's trial changed city politics and the California legal system. [6] As a child, Harvey was teased for his protruding ears, big nose, and oversized feet, and tended to grab attention as a class clown. Harvey Milk's hard work and accomplishments on behalf of, Milk was described as a martyr by news outlets as early as 1979, by biographer Randy Shilts in 1982, and University of San Francisco professor Peter Novak in 2003. [48][49] The bystander was Oliver "Bill" Sipple, who had left Milk's ex-lover Joe Campbell years before, prompting Campbell's suicide attempt. Both Mayor Moscone and Hillsborough's mother blamed Anita Bryant and John Briggs. [5] The Alice B. Toklas Club made no endorsement in the primary — neither Milk nor Agnos — while other gay-aligned clubs and groups endorsed Agnos or did dual endorsements. The fourth time, he was indeed elected. [36] Had the elections been reorganized to allow districts to elect their own supervisors, he would have won. In one controversy early in his term, Milk agreed with fellow Supervisor Dan White, whose district was located two miles south of the Castro, that a mental health facility for troubled adolescents should not be placed there. FitzGerald, Frances (July 28, 1986).
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